Electronic Instrumentation and Measurements 2nd Ed.
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ISBN 0-9683705-2-7, 451 pages |
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Description
The objectives of this book are to explain the operation, performance, and applications of the most important measuring instruments normally encountered in an electronics laboratory, and to discuss electronics measuring techniques. An understanding of electrical fundamentals and transistor circuit operation is assumed.
Starting with SI units and measurement errors, the text progresses through electromechanical instruments, analog electronic instruments, digital voltmeters and frequency meters; to resistance, inductance, and capacitance measurement techniques. The specialized instruments investigated in the latter half of the book include analog oscilloscopes, digital storage oscilloscopes, signal generators, waveform analysers, and graphic recording instruments. Instrument calibration is also discussed.
Objectives are listed at the start of each chapter. End-of-chapter review questions and problems are included.
Contents
PREFACE
Chapter 1 UNITS, DIMENSIONS, AND STANDARDS
Objectives 1
Introduction 1
1-1 SI Mechanical Units 2
1-2 Scientific Notation and Metric Prefixes 4
1-3 SI Electrical Units 5
1-4 SI Temperature Scales 7
1-5 Other Unit Systems 8
1-6 Dimensions 9
1-7 Standards 11
Review Questions 12
Problems 12
Chapter 2 MEASUREMENT ERRORS
Objectives 13
Introduction 13
2-1 Gross Errors and Systematic Errors 14
2-2 Absolute Errors and Relative Errors 15
2-3 Accuracy, Precision, Resolution, and Significant Figures 17
2-4 Measurement Error Combinations 20
2-5 Basics of Statistical Analysis 24
Review Questions 27
Problems 27
Chapter 3 ELECTROMECHANICAL INSTRUMENTS
Objectives 29
Introduction 29
3-1 Permanent-Magnet Moving-Coil Instrument 30
3-2 Galvanometer 37
3-3 DC Ammeter 39
3-4 DC Voltmeter 46
3-5 Rectifier Voltmeter 51
3-6 Rectifier Ammeter 56
3-7 Deflection Instrument Errors 58
3-8 Series Ohmmeter 60
3-9 Shunt Ohmmeter 64
3-10 Volt-Ohm-Milliameter 69
3-11 Electrodynamic Instrument 72
Review Questions 81
Problems 83
Chapater 4 ANALOG ELECTRONIC VOLT-OHM-MILLIAMMETERS
Objectives 86
Introduction 86
4-1 Transistor Voltmeter Circuits 87
4-2 Operational Amplifier Voltmeter Circuits 95
4-3 Ohmmeter Function in Electronic Instruments 98
4-4 AC Electronic Voltmeters 103
4-5 Current Measurement with Electronic Instruments 108
4-6 Analog Electronic Multimeters 109
4-7 Multimeter Probes 111
Review Questions 114
Problems 115
Chapter 5 DIGITAL INSTRUMENT BASICS
Objectives 117
Introduction 117
5-1 Basic Logic Gates 118
5-2 Flip-Flops 120
5-3 Digital Displays 122
5-4 Digital Counting 125
5-5 Analog-to-Digital Converter 130
5-6 Digital-to-Analog Converter 133
Review Questions 136
Problems 136
Chapter 6 DIGITAL VOLTMETERS AND FREQUENCY METERS
Objectives 138
Introduction 138
6-1 Digital Voltmeter Systems 139
6-2 Digital Multimeters 144
6-3 Digital Frequency Meter System 150
6-4 Frequency Meter Accuracy 153
6-5 Time and Ratio Measurements 157
6-6 Counter Input Stage 157
6-7 Counter/Timer/Frequency Meter 160
Review Questions 161
Problems 161
Chapter 7 LOW, HIGH, AND PRECISE RESISTANCE MEASUREMENTS
Objectives 163
Introduction 163
7-1 Voltmeter and Ammeter Methods 164
7-2 Substitution Method 167
7-3 Wheatstone Bridge 167
7-4 Low-Resistance Measurement 174
7-5 Low-Resistance Measuring Instruments 176
7-6 High-Resistance Measurement 178
7-7 High-Resistance Measuring Instruments 182
Review Questions 186
Problems 187
Chapter 8 INDUCTANCE AND CAPACITANCE MEASUREMENTS
Objectives 189
Introduction 190
8-1 RC and RL Equivalent Circuits 190
8-2 AC Bridge Theory 195
8-3 Capacitance Bridges 198
8-4 Inductance Bridges 206
8-5 Multifunction Impedance Bridge 212
8-6 Measuring Small C, R, and L Quantities 212
8-7 Digital L, C, and R Measurements 215
8-8 Digital RCL Meter 218
8-9 Q Meter 220
Review Questions 227
Problems 228
Chapter 9 CATHODE-RAY OSCILLOSCOPES
Objectives 230
Introduction 230
9-1 Cathode-Ray Tube 231
9-2 Deflection Amplifiers 234
9-3 Waveform Display 236
9-4 Oscilloscope Time Base 240
9-5 Dual-Trace Oscilloscope 248
9-6 Oscilloscope Controls 252
9-7 Measurement of Voltage, Frequency, and Phase 254
9-8 Pulse Measurements 257
9-9 Oscilloscope Probes 263
9-10 Display of Device Characteristics 270
9-11 X-Y and Z Displays 271
9-12 Oscilloscope Specifications and Performance 274
Review Questions 280
Problems 282
Chapter 10 SPECIAL OSCILLOSCOPES
Objectives 284
Introduction 284
10-1 Delay ed-Time-Base Oscilloscopes 285
10-2 Analog Storage Oscilloscope 289
10-3 Sampling Oscilloscopes 292
10-4 Digital Storage Oscilloscopes 298
10-5 DSO Applications 304
10-6 Representative DSO 311
Review Questions 311
Problems 312
Chapter 11 SIGNAL GENERATORS
Objectives 314
Introduction 315
11-1 Low-Frequency Signal Generators 315
11-2 Function Generators 323
11-3 Pulse Generators 330
11-4 RF Signal Generators 337
11-5 Sweep Frequency Generators 342
11-6 Frequency Synthesizer 346
11-7 Arbitrary Waveform Generator 349
Review Questions 350
Problems 351
Chapter 12 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION
Objectives 353
Introduction 353
12-1 Comparison Methods 354
12-2 Digital Multimeters as Standard Instruments 358
12-3 Calibration Instruments 360
12-4 Potentiometers 362
12-5 Potentiometer Calibration Methods 368
Review Questions 371
Problems 372
Chapter 13 GRAPHIC RECORDING INSTRUMENTS
Objectives 374
Introduction 374
13-1 Strip Chart Recorders 375
13-2 X-Y Recorder 380
13-3 Plotting Device Characteristics on an X-Y Recorder 383
13-4 Plotters 384
13-5 Digital Waveform Recorder/Analyzer 386
Review Questions 387
Chapter 14 WAVEFORM ANALYZING INSTRUMENTS
Objectives 388
Introduction 388
14-1 Distortion Meter 389
14-2 Spectrum Analyzer 392
14-3 Digital Spectrum Analyzer 398
14-4 Additional Waveform Analyzing Instruments 400
Review Questions 401
Chapter 15 MISCELLANEOUS METERS
Objectives 403
Introduction 403
15-1 Thermocouple Instruments 404
15-2 Peak Response Voltmeter 408
15-3 True RMS Meters 410
15-4 Low-Level Voltmeter/Ammeter 413
Review Questions 417
Chapter 16 LABORATORY POWER SUPPLIES
Objectives 419
Introduction 419
16-1 Unregulated DC Power Supplies 420
16-2 DC Voltage Regulators 424
16-3 Output Current Limiting 428
16-4 Power Supply Performance and Specifications 430
16-5 DC Power Supply Use 432
16-6 Power Supply Testing 432
Review Questions 435
Problems 436
APPENDICES
Unit Conversion Factors 438
Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems 441
INDEX
Supplementary Manuals
Solutions Manual
Transparency Masters
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